Report Speech

3.  Report speech

-Indirect speech

Ketika kita menggunakan reported speech, tenses biasanya berubah karena saat kita melaporkan sesuatu, kejadian yang sebenarnya sudah terjadi di masa yang lalu.

Contoh:

Direct speech	Indirect speech
“I’m going to the cinema”, he said.	He said he was going to the cinema.

Perubahan Tenses

Perhatikan perubahan tenses berikut ini:

Direct speech		Indirect speech
Present simple She said, “It’s cold.”	›	Past simple She said it was cold.
Present continuous She said, “I’m teaching English online.”	›	Past continuous She said she was teaching English online.
Present perfect simple She said, “I’ve been on the web since 1999.”	›	Past perfect simple She said she had been on the web since 1999.
Present perfect continuous She said, “I’ve been teaching English for seven years.”	›	Past perfect continuous She said she had been teaching English for seven years.
Past simple She said, “I taught online yesterday.”	›	Past perfect She said she had taught online yesterday.
Past continuous She said, “I was teaching earlier.”	›	Past perfect continuous She said she had been teaching earlier.
Past perfect She said, “The lesson had already started when he arrived.”	›	Past perfect NO CHANGE – She said the lesson had already started when he arrived.
Past perfect continuous She said, “I’d already been teaching for five minutes.”	›	Past perfect continuous NO CHANGE – She said she’d already been teaching for five minutes.

Bentuk Modals biasanya:

Direct speech		Indirect speech
will She said, “I’ll teach English online tomorrow.”	›	would She said she would teach English online tomorrow.
can She said, “I can teach English online.”	›	could She said she could teach English online.
must She said, “I must have a computer to teach English online.”	›	had to She said she had to have a computer to teach English online.
shall She said, “What shall we learn today?”	›	should She asked what we should learn today.
may She said, “May I open a new browser?”	›	might She asked if she might open a new browser.

Catatan: tidak ada perubahan untuk could, would, should, might dan ought to.

Direct speech	Indirect speech
“I’m might go to the cinema”, he said.	He said he might go to the cinema.

Kita bisa juga menggunakan present tense dalam reported speech jika kita ingin melaporkan bahwa yang kita laporkan itu adalah kenyataan, misalnya nama orang, dll.

Direct speech	Indirect speech
“My name is Lynne”, she said.	She said her name was Lynne. atau She said her name is Lynne.

Atau kita bisa juga menggunakan present tense untuk melaporkan kegiatan di masa yang akan datang.

Direct speech (exact quote)	Indirect speech (not exact)
“Next week’s lesson is on reported speech “, she said.	She said next week’s lesson is on reported speech.

 

Perubahan Waktu

Perhatikan perubahan waktu berikut:

Hari ini	+ 24 jam  - Indirect speech
“Today’s lesson is on presentations.”	She said yesterday’s lesson was on presentations.

Perubahan waktu jika dilaporkan ddi hari yang berbeda
this (evening)	›	that (evening)
today	›	yesterday …
these (days)	›	those (days)
now	›	then
(a week) ago	›	(a week) before
last weekend	›	the weekend before last / the previous weekend
here	›	there
next (week)	›	the following (week)
tomorrow	›	the next/following day

Dalam Reported Speech, keterangan tempat juga mengalami perubahan.

Contoh:

At work	At home
“How long have you worked here?”	She asked me how long I’d worked there.

Perubahan Pronoun

Dalam reported speech, pronoun sering berubah.

Contoh:

Me	You
“I teach English online.”	She said she teaches English online.

Referensi buku

Buku bahasa inggris

Pengrang :

1. Graded exercises in englis Robert J. Dixon
2. A dictionary of american idioms Adam makkai Ph.D.Linguist
3. Dictionary of english phrasal verbs and their idioms Tom Mc.Arthur
4. Essential idioms in english Robert J. Dixion

Command And Request

2.  Command and Request

Definisi command and request adalah Kalimat permohonan
Pengertian command and request adalah kalimat permintaan / permohonan dengan kata ganti orang kedua

Contoh:

Come here! Artinya marilah ke sini!
Try to speak English! Artinya cobalah berbicara bahasa Inggris!
Study diligently! Artinya belajarlah dengan rajin!
Apabila kalimatnya bukan kata kerja (verb), maka pakailah be di depan kalimat karena be itu adalah verb. Tapi be ini tidak ada artinya/terjemahannya.

Contoh :

Be good to her! Artinya baik-baiklah kepadanya!
Be diligent! Artinya Rajin-rajinlah!
Be careful! Artinya hati-hatilah!
Prohibition
Do not boleh dipendekkan jadi don’t yang artinya jangan kalau dileatkkan di depan kalimat.

Misalnya:

Do not come here! Artinya jangan datang kemari!
Don’t look at it! Artinya jangan lihat itu!
Don’t forget your lesson! Artinya jangan lupakan pelajaranmu itu!
Do not go there! Artinya jangan pergi ke sana!

Jadi jangan pake “good” saja atau “good good“. Karena kalimat Command and Request ini tidak ada “verb“-nya, maka “be“-lah yang menjadi wakil “verb“.
Akan tetapi kalau sesudah be itu ada kata benda atau nama orang maka arti be itu adalah jadi/menjadi, misalnya:

Be a teacher! = Jadilah guru!
Be a president! = Jadilah presiden!
Don’t be a corruptor! = Jangan jadi koruptor!
Don’t be a traitor = Jangan jadi pengkhianat!
Be an honest man = Jadi orang jujurlah!

Adverbial Clause

1.  Adverbial clause

Adverbial Clause adalah Clause (anak kalimat) yang berfungsi sebagai Adverb, yakni menerangkan kata kerja.

Adverbial Clause biasanya diklasifikasikan berdasarkan "arti/maksud" dari Conjunction (kata penghubung yang mendahuluinya).

Jenis-jenis Adverbial Clause antara lain:

1. Clause of Time

Clause yang menunjukkan waktu. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction (kata penghubung) seperti after, before, no sooner, while, as, dll.

Contoh:

• Shut the door before you go out.
• You may begin when(ever) you are ready.
• While he was walking home, he saw an accident.
• By the time I arrive, Alex will have left.
• No sooner had she entered than he gave an order.

2. Clause of Place

Clause yang menunjukkan tempat. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction seperti where, nowhere, anywhere, wherever, dll.

Contoh:

• They sat down wherever they could find empty seats
• The guard stood where he was positioned.
• Where there is a will, there is a way.
• Where there is poverty, there we find discontent and unrest.
• Go where you like.

3. Clause of Contrast (or Concession)

Clause yang menunjukkan adanya pertentangan antara dua kejadian atau peristiwa yang saling berhubungan. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction (kata penghubung) seperti although, though, even though, whereas, even if, in spite of, as the time, dll.

Contoh:

• As the time you were sleeping, we were working hard.
• Mary wanted to stop, whereas I wanted to go on.
• Although it is late, we'll stay a little longer.
• He is very friendly, even if he is a clever student.

4. Clause of Manner

Clause yang menunjukkan cars bagaimana suatu pekerjaan dilakukan atau peristiwa terjadi. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction (kata penghubung) seperti as, how, like, in that, dll.

Contoh:

• He did as I told him.
• You may finish it how you like.
• They may beat us again, like they did in 1978.

5. Clause of Purpose and Result

Clause yang menunjukkan hubungan maksud/tujuan dan hasil. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan kata penghubung seperti (in order) that, so that, in the hope that, to the end that, lest, in case, dll.

Contoh:

• They went to the movie early (in order) to find the best seats.
• She bought a book so (that) she could learn English
• He is saving his money so that he may take a long vacation.
• I am working night and day in the hope that I can finish this book soon.

6. Clause of Cause and Effect

Clause yang menunjukkan hubungan sebab dan akibat. Ada beberapa pola membentuk Clause jenis ini. Perhatikan baik-baik.

Contoh:

• Ryan ran so fast that he broke the previous speed record.
• It was so cold yesterday that I didn't want to swim.
• The soup tastes so good that everyone will ask for more.
• The student had behaved so badly that he was dismissed from the class.

Contoh:

• The Smiths had so many children that they formed their own baseball team.
• I had so few job offers that it wasn't difficult to select one.

Contoh:

• He has invested so much money in the project that he cannot abandon it now.
• The grass received so little water that it turned brown in the heat.

Contoh:

• It was such a hot day that we decided to stay indoors. ATAU It was so hot a day that we decided to stay indoors.
• It was such an interesting book that he couldn't put it down. ATAU It was so interesting a book that he couldn't put it down.

Contoh:

• She has such exceptional abilities that everyone is jealous of her.
• They are such beautiful pictures that everybody will want one.
• Perry has had such bad luck that he's decided not to gamble.
• This is such difficult homework that I will never finish it.

Di samping itu, untuk mengungkapkan hubungan cause and effect (sebab dan akibat) dapat digunakan pola lain, yaitu:

1.       Menggunakan Preposition (kata depan) seperti because of, due to, due to the fact that, dll

Contoh:

• Because of the cold weather, we stayed home. (=We stayed home because of the cold weather)
• Due to the cold weather, we stayed home. (=We stayed home due to the cold weather)
• Due to the fact that the weather was cold, we stayed home. (=We stayed home due to the fact that the weather was cold)

2.       Menggunakan kata penghubung (conjunction) seperti because, since, now, that, as, as long as, inasmuch as

Contoh:

• Because he was sleepy, he went to bed.
• Since he's not interested in classical music, he decided not to go to the concert.
• As she had nothing in particular to do, she called up a friend and asked her if she wanted to take in a movie.
• Inasmuch as the two government leaders could not reach an agreement, the possibilities for peace are still remote.

3.       Menggunakan transition words seperti therefore, consequently.

Contoh:

• Alex failed the test because he didn't study.
• Alex didn't study. Therefore, he failed the test.
• Alex didn't study. Consequently, he failed the test.

Beberapa Adverb Clause dapat diubah menjadi Modifying Phrases dengan cara:

1)      Menghilangkan subjek dari dependent Clause dan verb (be).

Contoh:

a.       ADVERB CLAUSE      : While I was walking to class, I ran into an old friend.

b.       MODIFYING PHRASE : While walking to class, I ran into an old friend.

2)      Jika dalam Adverb Clause tidak ada be, hilangkanlah subjek dan ubahlah verb dalam Adverb Clause itu menjadi bentuk -ing.

Contoh:

a.       ADVERB CLAUSE      : Before I left for work, I ate breakfast.

b.       MODIFYING PHRASE : Before leaving for work, I ate breakfast.

Adverb Clause dapat diubah menjadi Modifying Phrase jika subjek dari adverb Clause dan subjek dari main Clause sama.

Contoh:

1. DAPAT DIRUBAH

• While I was sitting in class, I fell asleep MENJADI While sitting in class, I fell asleep.
• While Ann was sitting in class, she fell asleep MENJADI While sitting in class, Ann fell asleep.
• Since Mary came to this country, she has made many friends MENJADI Since coming to this country, Mary has made many friends.

2. TIDAK DAPAT DIRUBAH

• While the teacher was lecturing to the class, I fell asleep.
• While we were walking home, a frog hopped across the road in front of us.

7. Clause of Condition

Clause yang menunjukkan adanya persyaratan antara dua kejadian (peristiwa) yang berhubungan. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunctions seperti if, even if, unless, in the even that, or in even that, in case, provided (that), providing (that), on condition that, if only, suppose (that), supposing (that), dll.

Contoh:

• If I see him, I will invite him to the party tomorrow.
• She would forgive her husband everything, if only he would come back to her.
• Suppose (that) your house burns down, do you have enough insurance to cover such a loss.
• In case a robbery occurs in the hotel, the management must be notified at once.
• The company will agree to arbitration on condition (that) the strike is called off at once.
• We should be able to do the job for you quickly, provided (that) you give us all the necessary information.